Published HBV sequence data from Bangladesh documents a mixture of genotypes, with genotypes C and D each accounting for ∼40% of the total burden, and genotype A for the remainder, also noting a high proportion of recombinants and mixed genotype infections 3, 5, 13. Estimates suggest that CHB prevalence has declined from 8% to <6% since the vaccine initiative was introduced in Bangladesh in 2003 10, 11, but nevertheless, the perinatal incidence of new infections remains among the highest in South Asia 12. Interventions include programmes for screening donor blood by testing for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) 5, and delivery of universal infant HBV vaccination starting at age six weeks, through the World Health Organization (WHO) Expanded Programme for Immunization (EPI) 8, 9. In 2019, the Government of Bangladesh formulated a ‘National strategic plan for combating viral hepatitis in Bangladesh 2020-2030’ 7. In combination with the large population, this prevalence rate puts Bangladesh among the top ten high burden countries for viral hepatitis 6.īangladesh is progressively developing national strategies to tackle HBV 4. Bangladesh has an intermediate CHB prevalence, estimated at 2-6% 3, 4, although epidemiology may vary between geographic regions and according to sociodemographic factors 5. With an estimated 800,000 annual deaths resulting from CHB, ambitious elimination targets aiming to reduce viral hepatitis incidence by 90% have been established as a part of the UN Sustainable Development Goals for 2030 2. Global estimates indicate that approximately a third of the world’s population has been exposed to hepatitis B virus (HBV) during their lifetime, with chronic HBV infection (CHB) in over 260 million individuals worldwide 1. In order to work towards international Sustainable Development Goal targets for HBV elimination, increased investment is required for diagnosis, treatment and prevention in Bangladesh. The high prevalence of HBV in this setting highlights the benefits of offering screening in hospital patients and the importance of HBV DNA testing of transfusion products to reduce the risk of transmission. We identified mutations associated with nucleos(t)ide analogue resistance, although the clinical significance in this cohort is not known. Polymorphisms in the surface gene of the OBI case may account for the negative HBsAg status. Applying a target-enrichment sequencing pipeline to samples with HBV DNA >3.0log 10 IU/ml, we obtained deep whole genome sequences for four cases, identifying genotypes A, C and D. HBV exposure (anti-HBc) was documented in 72/201 (36%), and active HBV infection in 16/201 (8%), among whom 3 were defined as OBI (defined as detectable HBV DNA but negative HBsAg). We investigated an adult fever cohort (n=201) recruited in Dhaka, to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and to identify cases of occult hepatitis B infection (OBI). Bangladesh is one of the world’s top ten burdened countries for viral hepatitis.
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His grandson, George Looks Twice said, "He was comfortable praying with this pipe and his rosary, and participated in Mass and Lakota ceremonies on a regular basis". The Roman Catholic Diocese of Rapid City opened an official cause for his beatification within the Roman Catholic Church in 2016. There has been great interest in these works among diverse people interested in Native American religions, notably those in the pan-Indian movement.īlack Elk converted to Catholicism, becoming a catechist, but he also continued to practice Lakota ceremonies. Near the end of his life, he also spoke to American ethnologist Joseph Epes Brown for his 1947 book The Sacred Pipe. This book has since been published in numerous editions, most recently in 2008. Neihardt published these in his book Black Elk Speaks in 1932. 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He also says they considered Daniel Larson as a contestant. He also explains how the game works, claiming there is "no privacy" for the contestants and they have to perform weekly challenges to stay in the game. On February 12th and March 2nd, YouTuber Dollar Stream posted clips from Jet Neptune's streams discussing Fishtank, describing it as "the most important reality show ever made." He calls the contestants "freaks" and says the UI is going to be interactive. On February 4th, 2023, YouTuber Rocky Stream posted a clip from one of Sam Hyde's livestreams with Jet Neptune in which he discusses his upcoming reality series Fishtank, showing the cameras set up in the show's house, garnering over 28,500 views in two months (shown below). Flood can simply be defined as a flow of water above the carrying capacity of a channel ( NOAA, 1998). It is widely distributed leading to significant economic and social damages than any other natural disaster ( DMSG, 2001). It is the most frequent and devastating natural disaster in the world. It was therefore, suggested that government agencies and policy makers should adopt this powerful technique for reliable and well synthesized information which is a vital component of flood risk assessment and planning.įloods have become a common natural disaster which has claimed many lives, displaced millions and resulted to the destruction of properties and degradation of contiguous farmlands. The result of the analysis effectively demonstrated the contribution of geospatial methods in mitigating and monitoring the effect of flooding along the Niger-Benue basin. The integration of remotely sensed data and other spatial and non-spatial data within the GIS platform was able to produce series of thematic maps which was used to generate a geospatial database for flood risk analysis and assessment. This study attempted to assess the spatial impact of the October 2012 flooding of the Niger-Benue basin on the surrounding areas using the moderate resolution imaging Spectroradiometre (MODIS) data of NASA Terra satellite and developed a geospatial methodology for detecting and extracting the flood risk areas and the vulnerable population to flooding within the basin. Although, the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) predicted the occurrence of the flood disaster and advised the relocation of residence from the floodplain to the high ground, but spatial information pertaining to the areal extent vulnerable to the hazard was not made available. Recently, it displaced millions of people in Nigeria and submerged several square kilometres of landed area in general and farmlands in particular. River flooding has become a widely distributed and devastating natural disaster that has caused significant damages both economically and socially. Keywords: Geospatial MODIS Buffer Flood Disaster Niger-Benue Basin Received Janurevised Februaccepted March 14, 2013 This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1Department of Geography and Regional Planning, University of Benin, Benin City, NigeriaĢDepartment of Geography and Regional Planning, Delta State University, Abraka, NigeriaĮmail: © 2013 Felix Ndidi Nkeki et al. Any person from your family can get today pound rate in Pakistan rupees from the nearest branch. If you are situated outside Pakistan and transfer the money you can use our money exchanger. We provide the most convenient and fastest way to transfer money to your family. Safe money transfer and Exchanger Company You do not need to worry about legal issues as we work with proper proofs and documentation. 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